Meeting called to order by Ira McDonald at 1pm US Eastern. Minutes taken by Ira McDonald.
Note: New GoToMeeting account was used for this meeting. Minutes reflect excerpts from Till's OP News posted on 20 October 2022.
Attendees
Agenda
- Progress report
- 20 October 2022 was Release Day, of Ubuntu 22.10 (Kinetic Kudu)!
- Ubuntu 22.10 is not yet switching to the New Architecture for printing and scanning, but
it has a lot of nice new features, mainly GNOME 43 with a new quick settings panel, Ubuntu
Desktop section in System Settings, Nautilus and System Settings with window layout
adapting to the window size, improved dock, ... Also the audio stack is based on the new
PipeWire which has less bugs than the old PulseAudio and makes especially Bluetooth audio
devices work more reliably.
- To learn more about the new Ubuntu release, watch the 21 October 2022 Desktop Team Indaba
about the Kinetic Kudo release. Heather Ellsworth will receive Philipp Kewisch, Adam
Szopa, Oliver Smith, and Ken VanDine from Canonical to tell about the new features of
Ubuntu itself and Rudra Saraswat from Ubuntu Unity, which got official flavor with 22.10.
- Progress report
- Next week is the first Ubuntu Summit! And you really should come to Prague and attend it.
There are a lot of good reasons.
- All sessions in the Ballroom (plenary room) will get broadcasted/streamed live and
recorded, all sessions in the breakout rooms (Karlin 1-4) will get recorded, workshops
(Palmkova 1, 2) are interactive, hands-on sessions and so remote participation does not
make much sense. Therefore they will not get recorded. But if you come to Prague, have
your laptop (with EU plug adapter) handy if you want to attend one or another workshop.
- Call for Proposals has ended
- Three weeks ago, the call for proposals ended and we got a lot of exciting submissions!
Nearly all the submitters got already informed whether their proposal got accepted or
not, and now a part of the organization team is solving the difficult puzzle of
scheduling all the workshops (90 min, interactive), talks (25 or 50 min), and lightning
talks (5 or 10 min) into 7 rooms and 3 days. Especially important is to fulfill the
many dependencies between the sessions, not only that 1 speaker cannot present in 2
rooms at the same time, but also that a talk about a given subject has to be delivered
before the workshop of the same subject or the workshop for the basic knowledge of a
subject has to come before all the advanced-topics workshops.
- And if you really cannot make it to this exciting event, there is some limited remote
access to it, too. All the sessions happening in the plenary room (the largest of all
the rooms) are broadcasted and one can ask questions via chat (like on the Ubuntu
Indabas). Unfortunately, we cannot have remote live speakers and we cannot broadcast
the sessions in the breakout/workshop rooms (and for the workshops it does not make
much sense to attend remotely anyway).
- OpenPrinting is in Prague, too
- Yes, we are always in need to extend our developer, designer, and document writer
community and the Ubuntu Summit is all about that kind of community. Therefore we will
present our activity, our plans, and our needs in the session
* OpenPrinting - Join the team to make printing just work!
Tuesday, Nov 8, 14:00 - 14:50 CET, Karlin 3
- Till will be accompanied by Zdenek Dohnal (Red Hat), Johannes Meixner (SUSE), and
Deepak Patankar (former GSoC contributor and now mentor) - each presenting about their
contributions and integration in OpenPrinting. And after our presentations, we will
have an extended questions and discussion part. Depending on the room where this session
will take place, we can also connect Aveek Basu from OpenPrinting and one or more
(former) GSoC contributors. And if there is more discussion time needed, we can create
spontaneous BoFs to continue the discussion. Unfortunately, Till was not able to get
BoFs pre-scheduled.
- We also will help all these attendees who have relatives or friends who are still using
Windows (and also WSL developers who need to boot into Windows for testing), to make
their old printers work again. Till will show in a 10-min lightning talk that one can
easily run our Printer Application Snaps in WSL under Windows, as described in our
HOWTO. So do not miss this.
- See Till's October OP News for more sessions and details!
- Progress report
- For the first time, we went into a fourth month of coding, as all the OpenPrinting
projects got extended by 4 to 6 weeks. The 4 projects extended by 4 weeks (10 October)
have ended now and all the contributors have passed. The 3 projects extended by 6 weeks
(24 October) have also ended now and all the contributors have passed.
- In our GNOME Control Center sub-team (Mohit and Shivam) we have no news from the UX/UI
design team from GNOME, but Till has reported the UX design needs inside Canonical and it
will get worked on them in the development cycle for Ubuntu 23.04 (the design work will
naturally also get upstreamized).
- See Till's October OP News for detailed summaries from the contributors!
- GSoC 2022 Timeline
- DONE - 7 February 2022 - Mentoring organizations begin submitting applications to Google
- DONE - 21 February 2022 - Mentoring organizations application deadline
- DONE - 21 February to 6 March 2022 - Google administrators review org applications
- DONE - 7 March 2022 - List of accepted mentoring organizations published - LF accepted
- DONE - 7 March to 3 April 2022 - Potential GSoC contributors discuss with mentoring orgs
- DONE - 4 April - GSoC contributor application period begins
- DONE - 19 April 2022 - GSoC contributor application deadline
- DONE - 12 May 2022 - GSoC contributor slot requests due from Org Admins
- DONE - 20 May 2022 - Accepted GSoC contributor projects announced - 8 OP projects!
- DONE - 20 May to 12 June 2022 - GSoC contributors meet mentors, read docs, get up to speed
- DONE - 13 June 2022 - Coding officially begins!
- DONE - 25 July 2022 - Mentors and contributors begin submitting Phase 1 evaluations
- DONE - 29 July 2022 - Phase 1 Evaluation deadline (standard coding period)
- DONE - 25 July to 4 September 2022 - GSoC contributors work with guidance from Mentors
- DONE - 5-12 September 2022 - Contributors final code/mentor evaluations (standard period)
- DONE - 12-19 September 2022 - Mentors submit final evaluations (standard period)
- DONE - 10 October or 24 October 2022 - Continue coding (extended project periods)
- Progress report
- While our GSoC contributor Gaurav Guleria is working on adding CPDB support to the print
dialogs, he has continued to do fixes and improvements on the CPDB framework itself:
* Fix for new requirement of glib that the glib headers should no longer be included
inside extern "C" { ... } blocks (PR #11)
* Fixes for code reliability, like crash guards, function reporting success/failure,...
(PR #12)
- In the discussion on the merge request for CPDB support in the GTK dialog, Marek Kasik
asked about how tto handle translations of option/choice names and Till suggested that
they should be provided from CPDB (and the CPDB CUPS backend takes them from CUPS) and
Marek Kasik agreed with that. Till also presented the API functions of cups-filters to
obtain these strings, which the CPDB CUPS backend could use. Gaurav Guleria will now work
on the implementation.
- The API in cups-filters is implemented in the files cupsfilters/catalog.[ch] and it uses
the translation tables of CUPS, which also contain the strings for all standard IPP
attributes and their enumerated values, and it also can obtain printer-specific strings
from a printer via IPP. I had originally designed it for the PPD file generator for
driverless IPP printers which is used by cups-browsed and by the driverless utility.
- Till is also thinking about later creating a separate IPP strings/translations project on
OpenPrinting which collects translations via Weblate (we are already using Weblate for
system-config-printer).
- Also this functionality to provide human-readable strings and their translations will get
included in the 2.0 release of the Common Print Dialog Backends.
- Progress report
- We get even closer now. Till has done most of the cleaning up of all the code to get a
unique coding style and to make it more readable, as described last month. This has now
be done for the complete libcupsfilters, libppd, and for foomatic-rip.
- When the complete code is cleaned, the current cups-filters project will be split into
several parts, similar to CUPS on its transition to the 3.x series. There will be the
following parts:
- libcupsfilters: The central library with the filter functions and some useful functions
for printer drivers, human-readable strings and translation handling for IPP attributes.
It does not contain any support for PPD files.
- libppd: PPD file support library providing the complete support for PPD files from
libcups (2.x and earlier), the CUPS PPD compiler and utilities (ppdc) and functions to
convert PPD Options into IPP attributes, to add PPD file support to the filter functions
of libcupsfilters, to handle collections of PPD files, ... This library is only for
legacy PPD and driver support, it should not motivate anyone to create new PPD files!
- cups-filters: Legacy CUPS filter/backend executables for CUPS 2.x and earlier. Uses both
libcupsfilters and libppd. Any XXXtoYYY filters, foomatic-rip, driverless, ...
- braille-printer-app: The Braille embosser driver code plus Chandresh Soni’s GSoC work to
turn this code into a Printer Application.
- cups-browsed: Daemon to automatically create local print queues for network printers and
remote CUPS queues and allows to create printer clusters. Will be turned into a Printer
Application later (GSoC project?).
- libcupsfilters is completely free of PPD file support, same for braille-printer-app.
libcupsfilters can be used for all kinds of Printer Application and wherever print data or
scanned data has to get converted. The Braille Printer Application is a native Printer
Application, it does not use PPD files internally.
- libppd contains the complete PPD file support for Printer Applications which retro-fit
PostSctipt PPD files or classic CUPS drivers. These Printer Applications are usually
created based on pappl-retrofit. Distributions using the New Architecture for printing and
scanning will not install libppd by default, as it is not needed any more.
- cups-filters provides the filter executables needed by CUPS 2.x or earlier. Most
executables are just simple wrappers and all the internal workings have moved into the
filter functions in libcupsfilters, and the PPD file support into libppd. This package
requires libppd, but it is for PPD-based classic CUPS versions only anyway.
- cups-browsed is currently supporting and generating PPD files (for CUPS 2.x), and
therefore also depending on libppd. In a later version, when it is turned into a Printer
Application, the PPD file support be removed.
- An important goal of the separation is to put all PPD support in their own project so that
they can get discontinued later and this way we can easily stop maintaining the PPD file
support code will all the other useful code of the former cups-filters will live on.
- libfontembed is merged into libcupsfilters now as it is only used by the
cfFilterTextToPDF() filter function, really nowhere else, it has also no package which
depends on it in Ubuntu (neither in Main nor in Universe). Its code (a lot for being a
part of the texttopdf CUPS filter GSoC project) has also a lot of TODOs, so it probably
is not ideal for general use but serves well in the text filter function.
- As a last change/improvement in the functionality, Till has moved the filter functions for
calling external filter executables back from libppd to libcupsfilters (now with the name
cfFilterExternal() and ppdFilterExternalCUPS() being a wrapper), as it is also useful in
native printer applications, as it allows using filters written in non-C languages or
proprietary, closed-source filters. Also added support for System V interface scripts to
the function (they are similar to CUPS filters but take input from named file, not from
stdin). This was inpired by the work of GSoC contributor Chandresh Soni on the Braille
Printer Application where he needs to embed shell-script filters into the native (not
using PPD files) Printer Application.
- Also several smaller fixes got done, like removing some unneeded, leftover portability
code files commit and header files.
- libcupsfilters needs the new Ghostscript 10.00.0 now. This got reflected now in the README
file and in comments in the source code.
- cupsfilters/catalog.h received a comment telling where the human-readable and translated
strings for the IPP attributes and enumerated values come from. This information was only
in ppd/ppd-generator.c.
- There was also a bug report about pages in custom sizes rotated by 90 degrees for fitting
the orientation. This came from the fact that Ghostscript’s built in CUPS/PWG/Apple Raster
output device tries to match the given page size dimensions with the ones of the PPD file,
even if the size is custom. Till fixed this by not matching the page size dimensions
against the PPD if the size is custom.
* pappl-retrofit
- Michael Sweet released PAPPL 1.2.3 with a correction for string-type user-settable
options (passwords, fax numbers, ...). With this, and after getting some help from Mike,
Till is now able to do the Printer Applications without patches on PAPPL and
pappl-retrofit! Till updated pappl-retrofit and the Printer Applications appropriately.
- Till also updated all the 4 retro-fitting Printer Applications for last API changes in
cups-filters (Merged libfontembed, cfFilterExternal() in libcupsfilters, see above) and
updated the included Ghostscript to version 10.00.0, which has especially a faster PDF
renderer and latest support functionality for PPD-less printing.
- Michael Sweet also added a feature to auto-select the A4/Letter default by locale and
earlier there was already support for localization/human-readable strings and SNMP-based
ink-level checking. So now Till has everything to be able to get all his planned
features into pappl-retrofit and the retro-fitting Printer applications, but
cups-filters 2.0b1 first...
- Progress report - 625 printers certified for IPP Everywhere v1.0 - 318 printers certified for IPP Everywhere v1.1
- Progress report
- On the OpenPrinting web server the daily snapshots of foomatic-db are back, so it is easy
again for distributions to package foomatic-db.
- Thanks a lot to Violet Kurtz from the OSUOSL for implementing this!
- Progress report - ipp-usb is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (2956 downloads)
- Progress report - No update
- Progress report
- Current PAPPL release is v1.2.3 on 8 October 2022.
- In the last months the development of the 1.3.x series has already started. See changes below.
* Summary of PAPPL v1.2.3 (Mike)
- General bug fix release. See changes below.
- All the CUPS-driver-retro-fitting Printer Applications in the Snap Store (see above) use
the current GIT master of PAPPL, so they contain all the latest fixes and improvements.
- See also the currently open and closed issues of PAPPL.
* Changes in PAPPL v1.3b1 (Mike)
- Added 'papplLocGetDefaultMediaSizeName' function to get the default media size for the
current country (Issue #167)
- Added support for localized banners at the top of printer and system web pages (Issue
#183)
- Changed names of PAPPL-specific attributes to use "smi55357" prefix.
- Fixed a potential memory underflow with USB device IDs.
- Fixed web interface support for vendor text options (Issue #142).
- Fixed a 100% CPU usage bug when cleaning the job history (Issue #218).
* Changes in PAPPL v1.2.3 (Mike)
- Fixed a bug in the TLS upgrade logic.
- Fixed a potential memory underflow with USB device IDs.
- Fixed web interface support for vendor text options (Issue #142)
- Progress report - No update
- Progress report - No update
- Progress report - Gutenprint is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (4911 downloads)
- Progress report - HPLIP is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (6097 downloads)
- Progress report - Ghostscript is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (1967 downloads)
- Progress report - PostScript is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (2595 downloads)
- Progress report
- CUPS is available as a Snap in the Snap Store now (87811 downloads)
- Last month we reported that there is a bug in snapd due to which seeded Snaps (being part
of the standard installation/ISO image of the OS) cannot use the cups interface (and have
to stay with cups-control for now. There will be no rush to fix this bug. Instead, we have
planned to let snapd handle the dependency of the cups interface on the CUPS Snap
internally to not need the pseudo-content interface any more and that to be implemented
within the Ubuntu 23.04 development cycle (before Feature Freeze mid-February 2023). This
also does not only work around the bug but one also needs to only plug cups in
snapcraft.yaml, no additional section for the dependency on CUPS is needed.
- But note that the bug really only concerns the Snaps contained in the standard
installation of Ubuntu, if you Snap your application, you can use the cups interface for
printing without any problems.
- Progress report - No update
- Project report - No update
- CUPS (Mike and Zdenek)
- Current release is OP CUPS v2.4.2 on 26 May 2022.
- There will be further bug fix releases in the 2.4.x series. Some bug fixes were done
during the last month, see changes below.
- Ubuntu Kinetic Kudu (22.10 got released on 20 October 2022 with CUPS v2.4.2.
- The CUPS Snap (in the Edge channel) and our CUPS-driver-retro-fitting Printer Application
Snaps use the current GIT master of CUPS.
- The CUPS Snap in the stable channel is version v2.4.2.
* Changes in CUPS v2.4.3 (Mike and Zdenek)
- Fixed an OpenSSL certificate loading issue (Issue #465)
- Fixed Brazilian Portuguese translations (Issue #288)
- Fixed invalid memory access during generating IPP Everywhere queue (Issue #466)
- Fixed memory leaks in 'create_local_bg_thread()' (Issue #466)
- Fixed TLS certificate generation bugs.
- Ignore some of IPP defaults if the application sends its PPD alternative (Issue #484)
- Now report fax attributes and values as needed (Issue #459)
- Update print-color-mode if the printer is modified via ColorModel PPD option (Issue #451)
- Added new media sizes defined by IANA (Issues #501)
- CUPS Filters (Till)
- Currently release is v1.28.16 on 24 August 2022.
- The restructuring of the code to separate the siamesian twins of the filter functions and
PPD file support is completed and we also have done a lot of testing and bug fixing. Now
we are finally polishing the coding style and updating the license/copyright headers for
the v2.0.0 release.
- See above for more details.
- As cups-filters v2.0.0 will not make it into Ubuntu 22.10 we have continued with further
bug fix backport releases in the v1.x series.
- Ubuntu Kinetic Kudu (22.10 got released on 20 October 2022 with v1.28.16.
- The CUPS Snap is currently locked to the commit (from 20 May 2022) of cups-filter's GIT
master (v2.x) until the restructuring gets more tested. The Printer Application Snaps use
the current GIT master of cups-filters and so are the first application for real-life
testing.
- PWG Virtual F2F - 15-17 November 2022 - Ira to attend
- https://www.pwg.org/chair/meeting-info/november-2022-virtual.html
- Status of AMSC and ISO liaisons w/ PWG (Paul Tykodi)
- http://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/general/sc/pwg-sc-call-minutes-20220919.htm
- http://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/general/sc/pwg-sc-call-minutes-20221003.htm
- http://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/general/sc/pwg-sc-call-minutes-20221017.htm
- http://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/general/sc/pwg-sc-call-minutes-20221031.htm
- see PWG Steering Committee minutes from 09/19/22, 10/03/22, 10/17/22, 10/31/22
- PWG Hardcopy Device Security Guidelines v1.0 - Interim draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ids/wd/wd-idshcdsec10-20220208-rev.pdf
- for a Best Practice
- PWG F2F review on 9 February 2022
- Schedule - Prototype draft in Q1/Q2 2023
- IPP Everywhere v1.1 Printer Self-Certification Tools Update 4 (Mike)
- https://www.pwg.org/archives/ipp/2022/021227.html
- v1.1 Tools Update 4 fourth last call started 19 August 2022 and is still open
- PWG F2F discussion on 16 August 2022
- IPP WG discussion on 1 September 2022
- IPP WG Last Call started on 19 August 2022 and ended on 2 September 2022
- Approved and Released on 2 September 2022
- IPP Workgroup Charter (Ira) - PWG Approved
- http://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/charter/ch-ipp-charter-20210409.pdf
- update for new IPP WG projects
- PWG Approved on 9 April 2021
- IPP INFRA Cloud Proxy Registration (Cihan, Mike) - proposed
- https://www.pwg.org/archives/ipp/2020/020688.html
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/slides/ipp-wg-agenda-november-20.pdf
- for a Registration (near-term)
- minor update of IPP System Service and IPP Infrastructure Printing
- offline discussions with Microsoft about Universal Printing coherence
- PWG Virtual F2F discussion on 6 May 2021
- Schedule - TBD
- IPP Production Printing Ext v2.0 (Mike) - Stable draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippppx20-20220708-rev.pdf
- for a Candidate Standard
- major update of PWG 5100.3-2001
- PWG Last Call started on 11 October 2022 and ends on 11 November 2022
- Schedule - PWG Candidate Standard in Q1 2023
- IPP Driver Replacement Extensions v2.0 (Smith) - Stable draft - New Name!
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippnodriver20-20221027.pdf
- for a Candidate Standard
- major update of PWG 5100.13-2012
- document renamed to address confusion expressed by Mopria participants
- PWG Last Call started on 31 October 2022 and ends on 28 November 2022
- Schedule - PWG Candidate Standard in Q1 2023
- IPP Job Extensions v2.1 (Mike) - Prototype draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippjobext21-20221101-rev.pdf
- minor update of PWG 5100.7-2019
- PWG review at PWG Virtual F2F on 16 August 2022
- Schedule - Stable draft in Q1 2023
- IPP Enterprise Printing Ext v2.0 (Smith) - Prototype draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippepx20-20211101-rev.pdf
- for a Candidate Standard
- PWG status at PWG Virtual F2F on 16 August 2022
- Schedule - Stable draft in Q1 2023
- IPP Encrypted Jobs and Documents (Mike/Smith) - Prototype draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ipptrustnoone10-20210519-rev.pdf
- for a Candidate Standard
- PWG status at PWG Virtual F2F on 16 August 2022
- Waiting for prototyping
- Schedule - Stable draft in Q1 2023
- IPP 2.x (Mike/Ira) - Interim draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippbase23-20220809.pdf
- major update of PWG 5100.12-2015
- PWG review at PWG Virtual F2F on 16 August 2022
- Schedule - Prototype draft in Q4 2022
- IPP Everywhere v2.0 (Mike/Ira) - Interim draft
- https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/wd/wd-ippeve20-20220510-rev.pdf
- major update - for a Candidate Standard
- PWG discussion at PWG Virtual F2F on 16 August 2022
- Schedule - Prototype draft in Q4 2022
- IETF 115 Hybrid F2F (London, UK) - 7-11 November 2022 - Ira to attend - https://www.ietf.org/how/meetings/115/ - PWG Virtual F2F - 15-17 November 2022 - Ira to attend - https://www.pwg.org/chair/meeting-info/meetings.html - GlobalPlatform Vehicle Cybersecurity Forum - 17 November 2022 - Ira to attend and speak - https://globalplatform.org/join-globalplatforms-cybersecurity-vehicle-forum/ - PQNet Virtual F2F - 27-28 November - Ira to attend - https://pqnet.org/ - ISO WG11 SAE Cyber JWG Hybrid (Tokyo) - 28-30 November 2022 - Ira to attend - https://www.iso.org/committee/5383636.html - US NIST 4th Post Quantum Crypto - 29 November to 1 December 2022 - Ira to attend - https://csrc.nist.gov/Events/2022/fourth-pqc-standardization-conference - IEEE 1609 WG Virtual F2F - 6 December 2022 - Ira to attend - https://standards.ieee.org/develop/wg/1609.html - IQPC Auto Cyber Online - 6-7 December 2022 - Ira to attend - https://www.automotive-iq.com/events-automotive-cybersecurity-online
Open Action Items
Next OP US/Europe/Brazil/India Conference Calls
- Tuesday 15 November 2022, Daytime
- Note - Europe Summer Time ends on 30 October 2022
- Note - US Daylight Savings Time ends on 6 November 2022
- Note - IETF 115 Hybrid F2F (London, UK) - 7-11 November 2022
- Note - PWG Virtual F2F - 15-17 November 2022 - conflict w/ OP Monthly call
- Note - PQNet Virtual F2F - 27-28 November
- Note - ISO WG11 SAE Cyber JWG Hybrid (Tokyo) - 28-30 November 2022
- Note - US NIST 4th Post Quantum Crypto - 29 November to 1 December 2022
- US
10am in San Francisco - US PST (Pacific Standard Time)
11am in Colorado - US MST (Mountain Standard Time)
12am in Chicago - US CST (Central Standard Time)
1pm in New York - US EST (Eastern Standard Time)
- Europe
7pm in Berlin - CET (Central Europe Time)
- Brazil
3pm in Belo Horizonte - BRT (Brasilia Time)
- India
11:30pm in New Delhi - IST (India Standard Time)
- Tuesday 13 December 2022, Daytime
- Note - permanently shifted OP monthly calls two hours *earlier*
- Note - IEEE 1609 Virtual F2F - 6 December 2022
- Note - IQPC Auto Cyber Online - 6-7 December 2022
- US
8am in San Francisco - US PST (Pacific Standard Time)
9am in Colorado - US MST (Mountain Standard Time)
10am in Chicago - US CST (Central Standard Time)
11am in New York - US EST (Eastern Standard Time)
- Europe
5pm in Berlin - CET (Central Europe Time)
- Brazil
1pm in Belo Horizonte - BRT (Brasilia Time)
- India
9:30pm in New Delhi - IST (India Standard Time)
- Tuesday 10 January 2022, Daytime
- Note - permanently shifted OP monthly calls two hours *earlier*
- US
8am in San Francisco - US PST (Pacific Standard Time)
9am in Colorado - US MST (Mountain Standard Time)
10am in Chicago - US CST (Central Standard Time)
11am in New York - US EST (Eastern Standard Time)
- Europe
5pm in Berlin - CET (Central Europe Time)
- Brazil
1pm in Belo Horizonte - BRT (Brasilia Time)
- India
9:30pm in New Delhi - IST (India Standard Time)